Pregnancy in correctional settings presents a unique set of challenges. While estimates vary, it is believed that 3–10% of women are pregnant at the time of incarceration, especially in jails where turnover is higher. These patients often have complex health, mental health, and substance use histories. Many come from underserved communities with limited prenatal care access.

Upon incarceration, nurses may be the first to identify a pregnancy. Early recognition is essential, as untreated pregnancy complications can pose significant risks to both mother and fetus. Screening at intake should include a urine pregnancy test for all females of reproductive age, along with a thorough OB/GYN history.